天平砝码由来 至今没有历史资料表明称重科学起源的确切时间及何时人类发明了天平砝码的标准制。然而,我们知道,称重与计量即使不是zui古老的科学,也是如同艺术样贯穿几个世纪并持续使用的古老科学之。 台小型等臂天平被发现于埃及的座的古老墓穴中,年代约在公元前5000年前,它也被*为是迄今为止发现的zui古老的天平。这台被使用了7000年的小天平由红色石灰岩雕刻而成,长度不到3.5英寸。 天平砝码除了圣经,没有什么能更好的为度量衡之于人类的重要性提供参考依据了。几乎从*页就揭示了上帝指引人类要使用“公平的天平,公平的砝码”。在申命记中,摩西提醒上帝指挥的以色列人:“你囊中不可有小两样砝码;你家中不可有小两样的升斗,应当用对准公平的砝码,公平的升斗,这样你才能有个*的、公平的衡量。”(申命记:25:13-15) 天平砝码从zui开始,原始人为了交换物品就懂得了对于标准的需求,这就像他们做了件很自然的事情,他们采用自己的身体作为初始测量工具。他们发现自己的手臂可以行粗略的但是可以满足长度测量的需要。在他们身体上逐渐发展出来些计量单位比如:手指,拇指,掌宽,掌长,虎口长,肘长,码(肚脐到手伸平指尖的长度),丈长(双臂展开的长度,从头到脚的长度),尺(脚掌长度),步伐跨度,这些方法如此的方便以至被持续使用了几个世纪;尽管这些方法显然呈多样化,但是其中些直到今天仍被使用。 Evolution of Weights 天平砝码的演变 然而,砝码并没有那么简单。人类不可能设计出这种通过身体的部分测量就能决定砝码重量的方法。人体也不可能显示出个对于重量判断的直观数字。为了对比砝码,人类早期仅仅通过“举”的意识来判断——这种很随意的方法在商业活动中几乎是无用的。 因此人们转向了自然界。如谷物的种子与石头这些自然物质提供了zui早的测量标准用来行称量,括人体的称重和货物交易。古希腊和罗马人用小麦的种子作为个单位来称重测量其他与之相当的物质,这种方法发通常用于物物交换或者贸易。举例来说,农民带着他的农产品去卖,这些农产品是以小麦的重量作为砝码标准。阿拉伯人改了这些技术并且利用金银和宝石建立了砝码标准。阿拉伯人提高测量技术并建立了金、银及宝石的称重标准。 其他谷物和植物的种子也被选中。在印度,芥菜种子就用来计量金子的重量,甘草的种子和角豆树的种子也曾被使用过。角豆树的英文单词的衍生出了克拉这个词汇,直到今天仍被作为衡量金和钻石值的单位使用。 zui终,天平砝码石头取代了种子作为砝码的标准。在古巴比伦的拉伽什发现了zui早的标准砝码单位是迈纳,这就追溯到了公元前2400年。这个梨状的石头有4英寸高,1.5英镑重。显然,没有砝码的话,这台zui早的埃及天平毫无用处,所以,古巴比伦的迈纳当时必定被作为某种衡器的标准砝码使用过,即使我们没有找到这台衡器。 砝码的演变并不像衡器那样具有戏剧性,因为砝码只是个比对标准的建立。对于这个标准,或或小的单位都可能源于某个特定部分或者基本单位的多样性。甚至于zui的现代砝码都与几千年前的古砝码十分的相似。区别仅仅是在这些单位被定义的程度不同以及它们之间的准确率也不尽相同。事实上,迈纳可能在现如今衡器实验室的架盘天平上仍被使用着。 Evolution of Weighing Scales 天平砝码的演变 不同于砝码,天平的历史是值得我们关注的。今天的现代化计算机称重系统与古尼罗河发现的它的前辈毫无相似之处。 历史资料表明古埃及和古巴比伦的天平都是粗慥的。古代的天平工具是个两头和中间有孔的木横梁。条绳索穿过中心孔来支持横梁,托盘被穿过两端的绳子吊起,就这样组成了台天平,这个设计叫做等臂天平。靠端盘子中的物料重量来平衡另端的物料重量,中心扮演着支点的角色。 从*埃及天平到罗马时代,等臂天平是当时仅有的天平。出现在基督出生的时代罗马的杆秤成为了有史以来*个在天平历*的新的原理创新。 当我们在思考古埃及、古巴比伦和古希腊的这些杰出成就时——金字塔,间带有运河、下水管道系统的城市、拥有众多船只的舰队,的数学和天文学——我们很想知道为什么他们没有在称重这样重要的技术领域发现新的原理呢。然而原因很清楚:等臂天平直是称量的方法。 天平砝码求知欲直是伟科学发现的主要动力。文明生活方式的发展需要称重计量的标准。在人类之间,若没有些参考或者比对的形式用来行可视的平等性交换,就不可能有规模的商业。*台古埃及天平已证明了目的性的标准要比单纯人类的感觉更加必要,离开了度量衡制度,商业也不可能从易货的制度上取得步。 称重科学依靠标准单位行的对比。因为各种各样的影响,标准砝码起源和发展在历*时快时慢,变化复杂。在我们下个部分,我们将回顾标准砝码的影响和变革。 天平砝码 http://www.21fama.com/ 英文对照: Balance weight origin So far no historical data show that the standard for the exact time when weighingorigin of science and invention of the balance weight. However, as we know,weighing and measuring if not the oldest science, one of the oldest science islike art through the centuries and continues to use. A small balance arm was found in Egypt in a prehistoric ancient tomb, in about 5000 BC, it has also been recognized as the oldest yet found balance. This is to use the 7000 small scales by red limestone carving, length less than 3.5 inches. Balance weight in addition to the Bible, nothing better to measure the importanceof balance to the human reference. Almost from the first page reveals God to guide mankind to use "a fair balance, fair weight". In Deuteronomy, Mose reminded the Israelites God command: "do not have in your bag two and a smallsample weights; you can not have one big one small two kinds of measures,should be a true weight, fair measure, so you can have a compley, fairmeasure." (Deuteronomy: 25:1315) Balance weights from the beginning, the primitive people to exchange goodslearned for the standard requirement, it's like they did a very natural thing, they use their bodies as the initial measurement tools. They found his arm can be rough but can meet the need of length measurement. On their bodies developed in some units of measurement such as: finger, thumb, palm palm wide, long, a span long, a cubit long, a code (navel hands stretched flat finger length (length),ten feet long arms spread length, from head to foot, a foot (feet) long the pace ofspan, convenient), these methods so that continue to be used for centuries;although these methods obviously vary, but some of them until today is still in use. Evolution of Weights The evolution of the balance weight. However, the weight is not so simple. Human beings cannot design a method forthe measurement of body weight can be part of the decision of weight. The human body can not be displayed for a weight judgment of visual digital. In order to compare weight, early human to judge only by the "lift" Consciousness -- thevery casual is almost useless in commercial activities. So people turned to nature. Such as seed and stone grain of these naturalmaterials provides the earliest measurement standard for weighing, including human body weighing and trading goods. The ancient Greeks and Romans used in wheat seeds as a unit of measurement and weighing other equivalent substances, this method is often used to barter or trade. For example, the farmerwith his agricultural products to sell, these agricultural products are wheat weight as weight standard. The Arabs improved these technology and the gold and silver and precious stones to build the weight standard. The Arabs to improve measurement technology and the establishment of the weighing standard gold,silver and precious stones. Other grains and seeds of plants were also selected. In India, mustard seeds are used to measure the weight of gold, licorice seeds and carob seed also had been used. Carob tree English words derived from carat this vocabulary, in use until today is still as a measure of gold and diamond value unit. Finally, the balance weight stone replaced the seed as the weight standard. Inancient Babylon Lagas found the standard weight unit is the first miner, whichdates back to the 2400 b.c.. This pear shaped stone are 4 inches tall, 1.5pounds. Obviously, no weight, the earliest Egyptian balance useless, so,Babylonian Mina at that time must be as the standard weight a weighing apparatus used, even if we don't find this weighing. Evolution is not weighing weight so dramatic, because the weight is only acomparison standard establishment. In this standard, or big or small units may be due to the diversity of a particular part or the basic unit. Even in the most accurate modern weights with thousands of years ago, ancient weight very similar. The only difference is the degree of accuracy is defined in these different units and their accuracy are not the same. In fact, the miner may be in now the most advanced instrument laboratory set balance is still being used. Evolution of Weighing Scales The evolution of the balance weight. Different from the weight, balance of history is worthy of our attention. Today the modern computer weighing system and the ancient Nile found no resemblance toits predecessors. Historical data show that the ancient Egyptian and Babylonian balance arecoarse and sincere. The ancient balance tool is the wooden beams with holes at both ends and in the middle of A. A rope through the center hole to supportbeam, both ends of the tray is through the rope hoist, such a balance, thedesign called for equal arm balance. By the end of the plate material weightbalance on the other end of the material weight, center plays a pivotal role. From the first Egyptian balance to the Rome age, equal arm balance was the only balance. In the era of steelyard Christ was born in Rome has become the first ever in the history of the new balance theory innovation. |